The Ottoman Land

TIMELINE 11

Timeline 11 of 26

The Ottoman Land

1800 to 1880

Jews, Muslims and Christians live under Ottoman and then Egyptian rule. Pilgrims, scholars and travelers arrive, and the first Jewish neighborhood rises outside the walls of Jerusalem.

JEWISH LIFE IN THE LAND

1800 About 7,000 Jews live in the land, mostly in four holy cities.

1808 The Perushim, disciples of the Vilna Gaon, settle in Safed and Jerusalem.

1817 The Perushim complete the Hurva Synagogue in Jerusalem.

1825 Mordecai Noah of New York proposes a Jewish refuge, Ararat.

1827 Moses Montefiore makes his first visit to the land.

1837 The Galilee earthquake. Thousands die in Safed and Tiberias, among them much of the Jewish community.

1840 The Damascus Affair shows how exposed Jews are. European powers intervene.

1847 Rabbi Yehuda Alkalai writes in support of Jewish resettlement.

1849 Moses Montefiore visits Jerusalem and funds housing.

1853 Abraham Mapu publishes Ahavat Zion, the first Hebrew novel, set in ancient Israel.

1855 Mishkenot Sha’ananim. Moses Montefiore buys land outside the walls. The first Jewish neighborhood outside the Old City follows.

1860 The Alliance Israélite Universelle is founded to support Jewish education.

1862 Moses Hess, Rome and Jerusalem. The German Jewish socialist argues that Jews are a nation and need a homeland in the land of Israel.

1862 Zvi Hirsch Kalischer, Seeking Zion. The Prussian rabbi urges Jews to buy land and farm it in the land of Israel and so begin the redemption.

1864 David Yellin, the educator and scholar, is born in Jerusalem.

1869 Nahalat Shiva, a neighborhood of seven families, is founded in Jerusalem.

1870 Mikveh Israel. The agricultural school near Jaffa trains the first farmers.

1871 A pogrom in Odessa shakes the Jews of Russia.

1874 Mea Shearim is founded in Jerusalem.

1878 Petah Tikva. The first modern Jewish farming village is founded.

1878 Naftali Herz Imber writes the poem that becomes Hatikvah.

1878 Jews from Safed found Gei Oni, the first Rosh Pina.

1880 Laurence Oliphant publishes The Land of Gilead and backs Jewish settlement.

1880 About 25,000 Jews live in the land.

RULERS OF THE LAND

1831 Egyptian rule. Muhammad Ali’s son Ibrahim Pasha conquers the land. Egyptian rule lasts until 1840 and opens it to European consuls, missionaries and travelers.

1834 An Arab revolt against Egyptian rule devastates Safed and Tiberias.

1838 Britain opens the first consulate in Jerusalem.

1839 The painter David Roberts tours the land, and his lithographs bring it to Europe.

1840 European powers and the Ottomans end Egyptian rule.

1841 Britain and Prussia found a Protestant bishopric in Jerusalem.

1856 The Ottoman reform edict promises equality to non-Muslims.

1858 The Ottoman Land Code reshapes land ownership.

1865 The Palestine Exploration Fund begins its surveys.

1866 American settlers of the Adams colony arrive in Jaffa.

1867 Mark Twain visits and describes a desolate land.

1868 German Templers found a colony in Haifa.

1869 The Suez Canal opens. Travel and trade to the land become faster and cheaper.

1871 German Templers found the Sarona colony near Jaffa.