Centuries of Foreign Rule

TIMELINE 4

Timeline 4 of 19

Centuries of Foreign Rule

100 to 1800 Conflict Rule and borders Diplomacy and law Settlement Faith and learning Literature and arts

2000 BCE 1000 BCE 1 CE

Rome crushes the last Jewish revolt and the land passes from Romans to Byzantines, Arabs, Crusaders, Mamluks and Ottomans. Through all of it a Jewish community stays, centered at times in the Galilee and in Jerusalem.

TURNING POINTS ALSO IN THIS PERIOD

Hadrian bars the Jews from Jerusalem. After the Bar Kokhba revolt fails, Jerusalem becomes Aelia Capitolina and Judea is renamed Syria

Palaestina.

c. 200 The Mishnah is compiled. Rabbi Judah the Prince writes down the oral

law in the Galilee.

c. 400 The Jerusalem Talmud is completed. It is finished in the Galilee and

builds on the Mishnah.

The Arab conquest. Caliph Umar takes Jerusalem and allows Jews to

settle there again.

The Dome of the Rock. The Umayyads build it on the Temple Mount.

The Crusaders take Jerusalem. Their capture is followed by the killing

of Jews and Muslims and the ruin of Jewish towns. MAP 7

Saladin retakes Jerusalem. Jews are allowed to return after decades of

Crusader rule.

The Ottomans conquer the land. Suleiman the Magnificent rebuilds

the walls of Jerusalem.

Seljuk Turks take Jerusalem. The Jerusalem academy of the Jewish

sages moves out of the city.

Nachmanides arrives in Jerusalem. The great scholar re-establishes

the Jewish community and opens a synagogue.

Spain expels its Jews. Many settle in Ottoman lands, among them

Safed and Jerusalem.

614 Persian forces with Jewish support take Jerusalem. 629 The Byzantines retake Jerusalem and expel the Jews.

1211 Scholars from France and England arrive in the “Aliyah of the 300 Rabbis”. 1260 The Mamluks defeat the Mongols at Ain Jalut and rule the land.

1488 Rabbi Ovadiah of Bertinoro arrives in Jerusalem and revives its community. 1500s Safed becomes a center of Jewish mysticism and of Kabbalah.

1567 Joseph Nasi becomes governor of Tiberias and plans a Jewish refuge.

1648 News of the Chmielnicki massacres in Eastern Europe sends Jews to the land. 1740 The Ottoman authorities permit Jews to resettle in Tiberias. 1777 Hasidic Jews settle in Tiberias and Safed.

313 Constantine legalizes Christianity in the Roman Empire. c. 335 The Church of the Holy Sepulchre is consecrated in Jerusalem.

c. 900 Scholars at Tiberias fix the vowel signs of the Hebrew Bible.

969 The Fatimids conquer the land.

1291 The Mamluks take Acre, the last Crusader stronghold.

c. 220 Beth Shearim becomes the burial place of Rabbi Judah the Prince and the sages.

542 to 570 The Madaba Map mosaic, made in these years, shows Jerusalem and the Holy Land.

c. 920 The Aleppo Codex of the Bible is written in Tiberias.

1140 Yehuda Halevi sails for Zion and writes “My heart is in the East”.

1565 Joseph Karo publishes the Shulchan Aruch, written in Safed.

1577 The first printing press in the land opens in Safed.

TL004 Open on your phone $.- ’)*2’ %˜*(„/’›„„ˆ