The Ottoman Land

TIMELINE 5

The Ottoman Land

1800 to 1880 Conflict Rule and borders Diplomacy and law Settlement Faith and learning Literature and arts

EARLIER ERAS ZOOM: 1800 TO TODAY

Canaan Kings Rome Empires 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s

Jews, Muslims and Christians live under Ottoman and then Egyptian rule. Pilgrims, scholars and travelers arrive, and the first Jewish neighborhood rises outside the walls of Jerusalem.

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TURNING POINTS ALSO IN THIS PERIOD

Egyptian rule. Muhammad Ali’s son Ibrahim

Pasha conquers the land. Egyptian rule lasts until 1840 and opens it to European consuls,

missionaries and travelers.

The Galilee earthquake. Thousands die in Safed and Tiberias, among them much of the

Jewish community.

Mishkenot Sha’ananim. Moses Montefiore buys

land outside the walls. The first Jewish neighborhood outside the Old City follows.

Moses Hess, Rome and Jerusalem. The German Jewish socialist argues that Jews are a

nation and need a homeland in the land of

Israel.

Zvi Hirsch Kalischer, Seeking Zion. The Prussian rabbi urges Jews to buy land and farm

it in the land of Israel and so begin the

redemption.

The Suez Canal opens. Travel and trade to the

land become faster and cheaper.

Mikveh Israel. The agricultural school near Jaffa

trains the first farmers.

Petah Tikva. The first modern Jewish farming

village is founded.

1800 About 7,000 Jews live in the land, mostly in four holy cities.

1808 The Perushim, disciples of the Vilna Gaon, settle in Safed and Jerusalem.

1817 The Perushim complete the Hurva Synagogue in Jerusalem.

1825 Mordecai Noah of New York proposes a Jewish refuge, Ararat. 1827 Moses Montefiore makes his first visit to the land. 1834 An Arab revolt against Egyptian rule devastates Safed and Tiberias.

1838 Britain opens the first consulate in Jerusalem. 1839 The painter David Roberts tours the land, and his lithographs bring it to Europe. 1840 The Damascus Affair shows how exposed Jews are. European powers intervene. 1840 European powers and the Ottomans end Egyptian rule. 1841 Britain and Prussia found a Protestant bishopric in Jerusalem. 1847 Rabbi Yehuda Alkalai writes in support of Jewish resettlement. 1849 Moses Montefiore visits Jerusalem and funds housing. 1853 Abraham Mapu publishes Ahavat Zion, the first Hebrew novel, set in ancient Israel. 1856 The Ottoman reform edict promises equality to non-Muslims. 1858 The Ottoman Land Code reshapes land ownership. 1860 The Alliance Israélite Universelle is founded to support Jewish education.

1864 David Yellin, the educator and scholar, is born in Jerusalem. 1865 The Palestine Exploration Fund begins its surveys. 1866 American settlers of the Adams colony arrive in Jaffa. 1867 Mark Twain visits and describes a desolate land. 1868 German Templers found a colony in Haifa. 1869 Nahalat Shiva, a neighborhood of seven families, is founded in Jerusalem.

1871 A pogrom in Odessa shakes the Jews of Russia. 1871 German Templers found the Sarona colony near Jaffa. 1874 Mea Shearim is founded in Jerusalem. 1878 Naftali Herz Imber writes the poem that becomes Hatikvah. 1878 Jews from Safed found Gei Oni, the first Rosh Pina. 1880 Laurence Oliphant publishes The Land of Gilead and backs Jewish settlement. 1880 About 25,000 Jews live in the land.

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